{"id":293898,"date":"2016-07-06T10:30:08","date_gmt":"2016-07-06T14:30:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/2016\/07\/a-response-to-candice-malcolms-losing-true-north\/"},"modified":"2025-08-28T15:28:24","modified_gmt":"2025-08-28T19:28:24","slug":"a-response-to-candice-malcolms-losing-true-north","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/2016\/07\/a-response-to-candice-malcolms-losing-true-north\/","title":{"rendered":"A response to Candice Malcolm\u2019s <em>Losing True North<\/em>"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>One of the enduring lessons of my time working on citizenship and multiculturalism issues under former minister Jason Kenney was just how much I and many other public servants were blinded by internal values, ideologies and biases and were thus not able to respond appropriately to the various values, ideologies and biases of the minister and his staff.<\/p>\n<p>Recognizing these biases, and more importantly, overcoming them, was a somewhat painful process, as I detailed in my book\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/multiculturalmeanderings.wordpress.com\/books\/policy-arrogance-or-innocent-bias-resetting-citizenship-and-multiculturalism\/\">Policy Arrogance or Innocent Bias: Resetting Citizenship and Multiculturalism<\/a>. As a result, I always try to ensure that my readings include a range of perspectives, particularly those that challenge my beliefs and values.<\/p>\n<p>This commentary on Candice Malcolm\u2019s book should be understood in that context.<\/p>\n<p>Malcolm, who was a political staffer in Jason Kenney\u2019s office, provides good insights into the thinking, values, ideologies and biases within the minister\u2019s office. Her view of the \u201creal character of our nation,\u201d which she describes as \u201can independent but community-oriented, hard-working but fun-loving, prudent yet jovial, responsible, religious, family-oriented nation with big hearts and open minds,\u201d reflects the anti-elite orientation of the Harper government.<\/p>\n<p>But, written as it was so soon after the election, Malcom\u2019s book reads more as a rant than a thoughtful critique of the changes the Liberal government has made to citizenship, immigration and multiculturalism. To borrow one of Elizabeth K\u00fcbler-Ross\u2019s five stages of grief, she remains in the denial stage.<\/p>\n<p>The language she uses is highly partisan: \u201cfoolhardy Syrian refugee policy,\u201d \u201celite intellectual circles,\u201d Trudeau \u201cisn\u2019t interested\u2026ignores\u2026whitewashes,\u201d \u201cmouldy leftist myths,\u201d \u201cblundering politicians and partisan lackeys,\u201d \u201carrogantly throwing the doors open,\u201d \u201crewards his friends and government agencies,\u201d \u201cpandering to a small minority in ethnic communities,\u201d \u201csilent majority of right-thinking Canadians\u201d and \u201cmanipulating the system and playing partisan games.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>While her examples and anecdotes are relevant, all too often she does not substantiate them with quantitative analysis.<\/p>\n<p>But beyond the language and rhetoric, what about her substantive arguments?<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Fundamentally, Malcolm does not understand multiculturalism as it is practiced in Canada. She characterizes it as a \u201chodge-podge of many cultures that are all equal.\u201d Yet multiculturalism \u2014 based on the late Conservative senator Paul Yuzyk\u2019s 1963 \u201cunity in diversity\u201d speech, the 1969\u00a0<em>Bilingualism and Biculturalism Report<\/em>on the \u201cother groups,\u201d the 1971 Multiculturalism Policy and the 1988\u00a0<em>Multiculturalism Act<\/em> \u2014 has always been about integration and participation in wider Canadian society, as were the citizenship and immigration policies that followed. These all take place in the Canadian constitutional and legal context. Jason Kenney\u2019s \u201creboot\u201d of multiculturalism re-emphasized the original integration focus, but broadened it to mean relations among all groups, not between the \u201cmainstream\u201d and newcomers. The European version of multiculturalism, which Malcolm largely describes correctly, if in caricature, did not have this integration focus, and the result was poorer economic, social and political participation outcomes.<\/li>\n<li>She goes so far as to say that \u201c[Trudeau\u2019s] government must be encouraged to continue the work of Stephen Harper and Jason Kenney to replace multiculturalism with pluralism,\u201d without recognizing, as Kenney did, that multiculturalism is in the Constitution and is one of the top 10 aspects that according to <a href=\"https:\/\/winnipeg.ctvnews.ca\/harper-gov-t-poll-for-cda-s-150th-birthday-cites-liberal-ndp-icons-1.1869649\">regular polling<\/a> makes Canadians proud. More fundamentally, the issue is less over the choice of word and semantics \u2014 whether it is multiculturalism, pluralism or interculturalism \u2014 and more over the substance of whether the policies encourage more integration or more separation.<\/li>\n<li>Her characterization of the Liberals\u2019 citizenship and immigration changes as \u201cradical\u201d ignores the many things that the Liberal government has not changed. For example, with respect to citizenship, the Liberals have maintained and enhanced all the previous integrity and anti-fraud measures, as well as the physical presence requirement, cementing an important part of the Conservative legacy. Moreover, the changes under the Conservatives\u2019 Bill C-24 were more \u201cradical\u201d when seen in relation to previous \u2014 Liberal and Conservative \u2014 governments, as were many of their immigration policy changes.<\/li>\n<li>Malcolm is incoherent in her criticism of the risks of admitting so many Syrian refugees so quickly while going on at length about just how strong, rigorous and professional are the systems and officials in place to reduce such risks.<\/li>\n<li>Ironically, she poses the question, \u201cdoes Trudeau really think he can redefine Canada\u2019s national identity?\u201d when so much effort was expended by the Conservative government to do just that (e.g., commemorating Canada\u2019s military history through highlighting the War of 1812 and the First World War,\u00a0the <em>Discover Canada\u00a0<\/em>citizenship study guide\u2019s focus on history from a more Conservative perspective, and adopting a more \u201cgo-it-alone\u201d foreign policy, including the dismissal of the UN and other multilateral institutions).<\/li>\n<li>Her defence of\u00a0the <em>Discover Canada<\/em>citizenship guide is matched by her valid fear that the announced revision will revert to the \u201cincredible lightness\u201d of its predecessor,\u00a0<em>A Look at Canada, <\/em>and its lack of emphasis on Canadian history and general shallowness. But\u00a0<em>Discover Canada<\/em>, while a major improvement over <em>A Look at Canada<\/em>, was also unbalanced, as it over-emphasized the military and the Monarchy and underemphasized social history and culture. I advised her predecessors in Jason Kenney\u2019s office to take a more balanced approach to allow\u00a0<em>Discover Canada<\/em>\u00a0to survive a change in government. Needless to say, that did not happen (as was their right).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>My fear is that the Liberal government may go too far in the other direction, only addressing the weaknesses of <em>Discover Canada <\/em>by adding \u201cprogressive values,\u201d rather than building on its strengths to prepare a more bipartisan citizenship guide. The themes the Liberals have selected for the Canada 150 celebration \u2014 diversity and inclusion, reconciliation with Indigenous peoples, youth, and the environment \u2014 somewhat justify my fear.\u00a0As to her defence of the Conservative government\u2019s language and approach surrounding \u201cbarbaric cultural practices,\u201d in my view, more neutral and inclusive language would situate these practices within the broader historical context of the struggle for gender equality without weakening the fundamental illegality of honour crimes.<\/p>\n<p>Malcolm correctly notes the general importance of integration and settlement services, and to the Conservatives\u2019 credit, they tripled the funding for integration and settlement services between 2006 2012 to $966 million (but reduced it to $599 million in 2014-15 after program review and other cuts). So while she is right to question whether there is adequate funding for existing settlement services and Syrian refugees\u2019 needs (as many settlement agencies have), her critique would be more credible if she included an examination of the previous government\u2019s policy and funding choices, and acknowledged the additional funding provided by the current government for Syrian refugees. Moreover, her overall fears regarding poor integration prospects for Syrian refugees do not take into consideration the relative success of our education system (which is recognized in many OECD studies) in integrating the children of immigrants and the subsequently high percentage of them who are university educated. Her assertion that \u201cSecond generation immigrants are choosing to reject western culture and values and instead embrace a radical religion that their own parents likely rejected\u201d is not qualified. While there is an increase in religiosity among younger new Canadians \u2014 as seen in more common wearing of religious symbols such as the hijab, turban and other \u201cheadgear\u201d \u2014 this is mainly in the context of participating in Canadian society, not removing themselves from it.\u00a0 A recent <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.ca\/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=2&amp;cad=rja&amp;uact=8&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiXuvq1iNXNAhUk7IMKHTqTAqUQFggjMAE&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.environicsinstitute.org%2Fuploads%2Finstitute-projects%2Fsurvey%2520of%2520muslims%2520in%2520canada%25202016%2520-%2520final%2520report.pdf&amp;usg=AFQjCNFDnVDwy-raejCe-UI4d2Xg8ijEyQ&amp;sig2=gapVHEZzKeDpuFZ56Vs7kQ\">Environics Institute survey<\/a> of Canadian Muslims indicates high levels of attachment to Canada.<\/p>\n<p>A number of her critiques are valid, but they are undermined by incomplete and misleading assertions. While it is legitimate to criticize the Liberals\u2019 reversal of language- and knowledge-testing for 54-65 year olds, reverting to Paul Martin\u2019s policy, she fails to note that this only affects 8 percent of applicants for this testing (according to Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada). She wisely does not challenge the removal of the language and knowledge-testing requirement for 14-17 year olds (they attend school and acquire the necessary language and knowledge). She does not acknowledge that the Liberal government kept the Conservative policy of not allowing interpreters in the knowledge interviews, despite pressure within their caucus to abandon the policy.<\/p>\n<p>While one can argue whether or not the change in the residency requirement to three years out of five (from four out of six) was wise from an integration perspective, the Liberal government change did not change the fundamental \u2014 and more important \u2014 principle of residency, that is, physical presence in Canada. In the past, residency court definitions had ranged from physical presence to having a Canadian legal address, which led to some new citizens spending minimal time in Canada.<\/p>\n<p>Her critique of the relative shift in immigration policy away from the Economic Class immigrants is valid, as is her critique of the overall increase in levels. But again, she overstates the impact of the shift, as 54 percent will be in the Economic Class compared with 65 percent before. Moreover, since her book was published, better data \u00a0from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/daily-quotidien\/160425\/dq160425b-eng.htm?cmp=mstatcan\">Statistics Canada<\/a> on the various immigration classes\u2019 incomes is available, and it shows, not surprisingly, that the children of immigrants from the\u00a0 Economic Class fare the best ($46,000, similar to Canadian-born) and those of Family Class immigrants fare the worst ($39,000), but, surprisingly, those of refugees \u2014 government and privately-sponsored \u2014 do almost as well as those of Economic Class immigrants ($41,000 and $44,000, respectively) in 2011.<\/p>\n<p>She correctly notes the complete failure of the Investor Immigrant Program, which the Conservatives cancelled, but then conflates this with Provincial Nominee Programs in general. The latter show good economic integration results in most provinces except Quebec, in terms of employment and earnings or accessing EI and social assistance.<\/p>\n<p>Her valid concern that support for immigration is at risk is demonstrated by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipsos-na.com\/news-polls\/pressrelease.aspx?id=6930\">2015 Ipsos survey<\/a> \u00a0(which she cites), but also by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.ca\/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=1&amp;cad=rja&amp;uact=8&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjjocPykdXNAhWmxYMKHYVtA18QFggdMAA&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ekospolitics.com%2Findex.php%2F2015%2F03%2Ftolerance-under-pressure%2F&amp;usg=AFQjCNE-UMXwE2xJCWNW02l6QNL2TnyTNw&amp;sig2=Kdse-ODelRstCrT9e40o2w\">Ekos <\/a>(March 2015) and <a href=\"https:\/\/epe.lac-bac.gc.ca\/100\/200\/301\/pwgsc-tpsgc\/por-ef\/citizenship_immigration\/2015\/020-14-e\/index.html\">IRCC\u2019s most recent tracking survey<\/a> (October 2014).<\/p>\n<p>However, it is striking that she is silent on the role language and discourse \u2014 whether on the part of government leaders or the media \u2014 can play in influencing public opinion. Did some of the Conservative government\u2019s language \u2014 \u201cbogus refugees,\u201d \u201ccitizens of convenience\u201d \u2014 and the increasing use of identity politics against Canadian Muslims, not play a part in influencing public opinion?<\/p>\n<p>This silence and lack of awareness is evident in her assertions that the Liberals are \u201cpandering\u201d for votes and that the changes they made were \u201cdeliberately engineered for partisan gain.\u201d Did not the Conservatives also \u201cpander\u201d for votes in their historical-recognition initiatives for Chinese, Ukrainian, Italian, Indo- and Jewish Canadians? Or were these initiatives just responding to citizen concerns? Was some of the anti-Muslim language not \u201cpandering\u201d to the Conservative base and used for party fundraising purposes, or was it a legitimate political response to a public concern? And was the push to address and provide additional funding to resolve the citizenship-application backlog, with over 500,000 new citizens in 2014 and 2015, not also partially driven by politics?<\/p>\n<p>As other reviewers have noted, there is a need for a strong conservative perspective in citizenship, immigration and multiculturalism policies to inform debates, discussion and policy choices. Otherwise, governments risk not considering the impact of their preferred approach. But this conservative perspective should be rigorous and evidence-based, enriched by anecdotes, and not merely a polemic. The same of course applies to liberals.<\/p>\n<p>While it may be cathartic for her and other Conservative party members and supporters to criticize the Liberal government\u2019s changes in this manner, it does not help the Conservative Party in its reflections on the lessons of the 2015 election. Even though Jason Kenny spent most of his weekends in ridings with large populations of new Canadians, the Liberals were victorious in 30 of the 33 ridings where visible minorities are the majority. Furthermore, her book does little to advance our understanding and knowledge of the challenges in ensuring the ongoing success of the Canadian model of the immigrant-to-citizen process.<\/p>\n<p>Photo: arindambanerjee \/ Shutterstock.com<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><em>Do you have something to say about the article you just read? Be part of the\u00a0<\/em>Policy Options<em>\u00a0discussion, and send in your own submission. Here is a\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/article-submission\/\">link<\/a><em>\u00a0on how to do it. |\u00a0Souhaitez-vous r\u00e9agir \u00e0 cet article ? Joignez-vous aux d\u00e9bats d\u2019<\/em>Options politiques<em>\u00a0et soumettez-nous votre texte en suivant ces\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/article-submission\/\">directives<\/a><em>.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>One of the enduring lessons of my time working on citizenship and multiculturalism issues under former minister Jason Kenney was just how much I and many other public servants were blinded by internal values, ideologies and biases and were thus not able to respond appropriately to the various values, ideologies and biases of the minister [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":913,"featured_media":291931,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"content-type":"","ep_exclude_from_search":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"article-status":[],"irpp-category":[],"section":[],"irpp-tag":[],"class_list":["post-293898","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>A response to Candice Malcolm\u2019s Losing True North<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/2016\/07\/a-response-to-candice-malcolms-losing-true-north\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta 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