{"id":293332,"date":"2016-03-17T12:00:58","date_gmt":"2016-03-17T16:00:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/2016\/03\/global-value-chain-participation-improves-firm-level-productivity\/"},"modified":"2025-08-28T15:26:18","modified_gmt":"2025-08-28T19:26:18","slug":"global-value-chain-participation-improves-firm-level-productivity","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/2016\/03\/global-value-chain-participation-improves-firm-level-productivity\/","title":{"rendered":"Global value chain participation improves firm-level productivity"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Contemporary production processes involve various complex tasks including: product design, assembly, distribution and marketing. In a global value chain (GVC), these activities are performed across international borders to take advantage of efficiencies in different locations.<\/p>\n<p>The scope and speed with which worldwide production has integrated into GVCs has generated interest into their effects on productivity. A growing theoretical and empirical literature is finding that a <em>country\u2019s<\/em> integration into GVCs can improve its productivity performance. This contribution of this new <a href=\"https:\/\/irpp.org\/research-studies\/aots6-yan-baldwin\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">chapter<\/a> in the IRPP\u2019s trade <a href=\"https:\/\/irpp.org\/research\/trade\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">volume<\/a>, written by John Baldwin and Beiling Yan of Statistics Canada, is to examine how GVC participation impacts productivity at the <em>firm level<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>The authors use detailed data for over 30,000 Canadian manufacturing firms between 2002 and 2006. They define a GVC participant as a firm that imports intermediate goods and exports either intermediates or final goods, and they investigate what happens over time to the productivity performance of firms that enter and exit a GVC.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Some takeaways<br \/>\n<\/strong>This chapter is important because it helps move the conversation beyond a typical positive correlation between trade and productivity towards a more causal interpretation. Although it\u2019s true that firms with superior performance are more likely to participate in GVCs, it\u2019s also the case that becoming part of a GVC improves firm performance \u2014 and similarly that quitting a GVC hurts firm performance. Put differently, \u2018better\u2019 firms join GVCs, and joining GVCs makes firms better; \u2018worse\u2019 firms avoid GVCs, and quitting them worsens performance.<\/p>\n<p>Moreover, while the results show that GVCs are more prevalent in higher-technology manufacturing industries, their productivity-enhancing effects are found across many sectors.<\/p>\n<p>This chapter also carefully documents how Canadian firms enter and exit GVCs, and disentangles the contributions made by exporting versus importing. It finds that exporting is generally the more active channel (that is, GVC entry comes primarily from importers that start exporting, while GVC exit comes largely from two-way traders that stop exporting). In addition, the productivity benefits from exporting are larger and longer-lasting than the positive effect from importing.<\/p>\n<p>These findings have some potentially-important policy implications. A trend observed over the past 15 years \u2014 and a recent area of policy focus \u2014 has been to increase the share of Canada\u2019s exports to emerging markets. This research suggests that we might expect smaller productivity gains from increasing Canadian exports to emerging markets (relative to trade with other advanced economies) and a more immediate productivity loss if those trading relationships eventually sever.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Some key findings<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1. On average over the 2002-06 period, two-way trading GVC firms accounted for less than a third (28%) of the firms in their sample.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/BY_GVC_blog_Fig_1.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26395\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26395\" src=\"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/BY_GVC_blog_Fig_1.png\" alt=\"BY_GVC_blog_Fig_1\" width=\"624\" height=\"363\" \/><\/a>Despite their small population share, GVC firms were responsible for most of the value of international trade in Canada\u2019s manufacturing sector: 90% of all intermediate imports and 83% of exports (the rest came from those who only imported or only exported).<\/p>\n<p>2. GVC participation rates were highest in high-tech and durables industries:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/tap-fig1.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26429\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26429 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/tap-fig1.png\" alt=\"tap-fig1\" width=\"620\" height=\"502\" \/><\/a>3. Consistent with recent firm-level trade <a href=\"https:\/\/irpp.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/AOTS6-lapham.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">theory<\/a>, GVC firms performed better than other firms (after controlling for year and industry fixed effects and for firm size). GVC firms had more employees, were more productive, paid higher average wages, and were more likely to be foreign-controlled. The performance gaps were largest when comparing GVC firms with non-traders (whereas the non-GVC group includes one-way traders):<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/tap-fig2.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26431\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26431 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/tap-fig2.png\" alt=\"tap-fig2\" width=\"777\" height=\"549\" \/><\/a>4. Do these performance gaps simply reflect the tendency for \u2018better firms\u2019 to join GVCs (positive self-selection) or does the act of two-way trading actually makes firms \u2018better\u2019 (controlling for other characteristics)?<\/p>\n<p>To disentangle these effects, the authors compared groups of firms who differed by those that joined GVCs (the treatment group<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a>), and those that didn\u2019t (control group).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/BY_GVC_blog_Fig_4.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26404\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26404\" src=\"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/BY_GVC_blog_Fig_4.png\" alt=\"BY_GVC_blog_Fig_4\" width=\"624\" height=\"385\" \/><\/a>After controlling for selection effects, they find that GVC starters became more productive:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/tap-fig3.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26433\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26433 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/tap-fig3.png\" alt=\"tap-fig3\" width=\"667\" height=\"508\" \/><\/a>During their first year, these firms experienced 5% more productivity growth, and this advantage accumulated to 9% after four years.<\/p>\n<p>Interestingly, the largest gains came from those firms in Canada that started to export to other advanced economies. This is consistent with the \u201clearning by exporting\u201d story and technology transfer. These gains also seem to be more persistent.<\/p>\n<p>Conversely, firms that quit GVCs did worse than continuing GVC firms. Over time, the productivity <em>losses<\/em> for quitters were similar in size to the <em>gains<\/em> from joining GVCs.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/tap-fig4.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26435\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-26435 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/tap-fig4.png\" alt=\"tap-fig4\" width=\"661\" height=\"513\" \/><\/a>The largest and most immediate losses for GVC quitters were found for Canadian firms that stopped importing from developing economies. This is consistent with forgoing cost savings from importing or offshoring part of their production processes.<\/p>\n<p>I highly recommend reading the full chapter <a href=\"https:\/\/irpp.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/AOTS6-baldwin-yan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">******<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> The treatment group includes the non-traders, and one-way traders, who became two-way traders. Similarly the authors also compared GVC quitters to those that continued \u2014 in both cases, using propensity score matching and difference-in-difference regression techniques.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Contemporary production processes involve various complex tasks including: product design, assembly, distribution and marketing. In a global value chain (GVC), these activities are performed across international borders to take advantage of efficiencies in different locations. The scope and speed with which worldwide production has integrated into GVCs has generated interest into their effects on productivity. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":913,"featured_media":293318,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"content-type":"","ep_exclude_from_search":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[8407,8460],"article-status":[],"irpp-category":[],"section":[],"irpp-tag":[],"class_list":["post-293332","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","tag-trade-fr","tag-manufacturing-fr"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Global value chain participation improves firm-level productivity<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/2016\/03\/global-value-chain-participation-improves-firm-level-productivity\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Global value chain participation improves firm-level productivity\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Contemporary production processes involve various complex tasks including: product design, assembly, distribution and marketing. 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