{"id":293113,"date":"2016-02-19T18:54:25","date_gmt":"2016-02-19T23:54:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/2016\/02\/scalia-more-canadian-than-you-might-think\/"},"modified":"2025-08-28T15:25:39","modified_gmt":"2025-08-28T19:25:39","slug":"scalia-more-canadian-than-you-might-think","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/2016\/02\/scalia-more-canadian-than-you-might-think\/","title":{"rendered":"Scalia: More “Canadian” than you might think"},"content":{"rendered":"

The recent death of the long-serving U.S. Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia has generated a lot of Canadian commentary<\/a> critiquing his \u201coriginalist\u201d or \u201ctextualist<\/a>\u201d approach to constitutional interpretation and hostility to the use of foreign judicial decisions in U.S. court judgements. Some commentators<\/a>, including former<\/a> Canadian Supreme Court Justices have publicly celebrated the fact that they were not influenced by Scalia\u2019s adherence to a strict construction of the original intent or plain meaning in their interpretation of the text of the Canadian Constitution<\/a>.<\/p>\n

I want to suggest that this is too narrow a metric to judge the importance of Scalia\u2019s decisions and dissents to Canada. The first time that I had the chance to see Justice Scalia in action was in 1993 in the oral arguments in the highly contentious international antitrust case, Hartford Fire Insurance Co. v. California<\/a><\/em>.<\/p>\n

Viewed from today\u2019s more recent perspective where national competition, tax, securities and banking authorities increasingly cooperate in enforcing their respective laws, it is perhaps hard to recall just how explosive issues of the extraterritorial application of U.S. laws were in the Canada-U.S. bilateral relationship. Concern over U.S. courts asserting jurisdiction over an international uranium cartel<\/a> involving Canadian \u201cnational champions\u201d in the 1970s and 1980s led, in part, to Parliament passing the Foreign Extraterritorial Measures Act<\/a>\u00a0<\/em>in 1984.<\/p>\n

The issue in the Hartford<\/em> case was whether foreign insurance companies who conspired to fix reinsurance rates could be prosecuted in U.S. courts for effects in the U.S. Even though the insurance companies principally concerned were British, the Canadian Government was so concerned about the extraterritorial reach of the U.S. antitrust laws that it filed an amicus curiae brief in the Supreme Court. And through the good offices of Canada\u2019s U.S. counsel in the case, I was able to obtain a hot ticket to the oral arguments.<\/p>\n

On the issue of extraterritoriality, Scalia, writing in dissent, was squarely in the corner of Canada and the Government of the United Kingdom and the foreign insurance companies. The majority held that no \u201ctrue conflict\u201d counseling non-application of U.S law exists unless compliance with United States law would constitute a violation of another country\u2019s law.<\/p>\n

Writing, in dissent, Scalia, called this a:<\/p>\n

\u201c\u2026 breathtakingly broad proposition, which contradicts the many cases discussed earlier, will bring the Sherman Act and other laws into sharp and unnecessary conflict with the legitimate interests of other countries\u2014particularly our closest trading partners.\u201d<\/p>\n

Scalia argued that U.S. statutes should be interpreted as respecting \u201cinternational comity\u201d unless the Congress was clear that foreign conduct was to be reached by the statute. He emphasized that:<\/p>\n

\u201cThe activity relevant to the counts at issue here took place primarily in the United Kingdom, and the defendants in these counts are British corporations and British subjects having their principal place of business or residence outside the United States. Great Britain has established a comprehensive regulatory scheme governing the London reinsurance markets, and clearly has a heavy \u2018interest in regulating the activity\u2019\u201d.<\/p>\n

And more, Scalia was unmoved by the fact that some of the British corporations were subsidiaries of American corporations. He scolded the lower courts for \u201cpiercing the corporate veil\u201d to get at those foreign subsidiaries.<\/p>\n

While Scalia was in the minority in Hartford<\/em>, in a another contentious later international antitrust case in which Canada filed an amicus curiae<\/em> brief<\/a> in 2004, Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. v. Empagran S.A.<\/a><\/em>, involving a price-fixing conspiracy among multinational pharmaceutical countries, his \u201cliberal\u201d colleague, Justice Stphen Breyer, writing for the Court adopted Scalia\u2019s approach. Breyer concluded that:<\/p>\n

\u201cWhere foreign anticompetitive conduct plays a significant role and where foreign injury is independent of domestic effects, Congress might have hoped that America\u2019s antitrust laws, so fundamental a component of our own economic system, would commend themselves to other nations as well. But, if America\u2019s antitrust policies could not win their own way in the international marketplace for such ideas, Congress, we must assume, would not have tried to impose them, in an act of legal imperialism, through legislative fiat.\u201d<\/p>\n

Neither Hartford<\/em>, nor the field of antitrust were aberrations for Scalia. He adopted the same approach in an earlier concurring judgement in 1991 in the Arabian American Oil Company (ARAMCO<\/a>) case where discrimination in Saudi Arabia was alleged by a former ARAMCO employee. More recently, in 2009, Scalia wrote the decision for the Court in Morrison v. National Australia Bank Ltd.<\/a><\/em> a case involving the extraterritorial application of U.S. securities laws to transactions conducted on the Australian Stock Exchange and on other foreign securities exchanges, but not on any exchange in the United States. Citing ARAMCO<\/em>, Scalia emphasized that:<\/p>\n

\u201c\u2026 unless there is the affirmative intention of the Congress clearly expressed to give a statute extraterritorial effect, (the Court) must presume it is primarily concerned with domestic conditions.\u201d<\/p>\n

And here is the rub. Scalia\u2019s respect for international comity which respects the jurisdiction of foreign countries such as Canada is rooted in his textualist approach to statutory interpretation. Writing in Morrison<\/em>, he drove this point home:<\/p>\n

\u201cThe results of judicial-speculation-made-law \u2014 divining what Congress would have wanted if it had thought of the situation before the court \u2014 demonstrate the wisdom of the presumption against extraterritoriality. Rather than guess anew in each case, we apply the presumption in all cases, preserving a stable background against which Congress can legislate with predictable effects.\u201d<\/p>\n

So while it may be tempting for some Canadian commentators to dance on the grave of a recently departed conservative jurist, it is worth pausing and reflecting on the fact that on the international comity so important to successive Canadian governments, Scalia\u2019s textualism arguably led him more often to be found on our side and leading his more liberal colleagues to our side.<\/p>\n

Mark Warner is a Canadian and American trade and antitrust lawyer.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The recent death of the long-serving U.S. Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia has generated a lot of Canadian commentary critiquing his \u201coriginalist\u201d or \u201ctextualist\u201d approach to constitutional interpretation and hostility to the use of foreign judicial decisions in U.S. court judgements. Some commentators, including former Canadian Supreme Court Justices have publicly celebrated the fact that […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":889,"featured_media":293109,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"content-type":"","ep_exclude_from_search":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[8476,9241],"article-status":[],"irpp-category":[],"section":[],"irpp-tag":[],"class_list":["post-293113","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","tag-us-politics-fr","tag-systeme-de-justice"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nScalia: More "Canadian" than you might think<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/2016\/02\/scalia-more-canadian-than-you-might-think\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Scalia: More "Canadian" than you might think\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The recent death of the long-serving U.S. Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia has generated a lot of Canadian commentary critiquing his \u201coriginalist\u201d or \u201ctextualist\u201d approach to constitutional interpretation and hostility to the use of foreign judicial decisions in U.S. court judgements. Some commentators, including former Canadian Supreme Court Justices have publicly celebrated the fact that […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/2016\/02\/scalia-more-canadian-than-you-might-think\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Policy Options\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/IRPP.org\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2016-02-19T23:54:25+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-08-28T19:25:39+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/WordPress-Image-scalia-1-1920x672.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"672\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"brian\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@irpp\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@irpp\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"brian\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"NewsArticle\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/policyoptions.irpp.org\\\/fr\\\/2016\\\/02\\\/scalia-more-canadian-than-you-might-think\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/policyoptions.irpp.org\\\/fr\\\/2016\\\/02\\\/scalia-more-canadian-than-you-might-think\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"brian\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/policyoptions.irpp.org\\\/fr\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/ef547e06379c238754b30ca3e8e47a53\"},\"headline\":\"Scalia: More “Canadian” than you might think\",\"datePublished\":\"2016-02-19T23:54:25+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-08-28T19:25:39+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/policyoptions.irpp.org\\\/fr\\\/2016\\\/02\\\/scalia-more-canadian-than-you-might-think\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":981,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/policyoptions.irpp.org\\\/fr\\\/2016\\\/02\\\/scalia-more-canadian-than-you-might-think\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/policyoptions.irpp.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/08\\\/WordPress-Image-scalia-1.png\",\"keywords\":[\"Politique am\u00e9ricaine\",\"Syst\u00e8me de justice\"],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/policyoptions.irpp.org\\\/fr\\\/2016\\\/02\\\/scalia-more-canadian-than-you-might-think\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/policyoptions.irpp.org\\\/fr\\\/2016\\\/02\\\/scalia-more-canadian-than-you-might-think\\\/\",\"name\":\"Scalia: More \\\"Canadian\\\" than you might think\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/policyoptions.irpp.org\\\/fr\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/policyoptions.irpp.org\\\/fr\\\/2016\\\/02\\\/scalia-more-canadian-than-you-might-think\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/policyoptions.irpp.org\\\/fr\\\/2016\\\/02\\\/scalia-more-canadian-than-you-might-think\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/policyoptions.irpp.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/08\\\/WordPress-Image-scalia-1.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2016-02-19T23:54:25+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-08-28T19:25:39+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/policyoptions.irpp.org\\\/fr\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/ef547e06379c238754b30ca3e8e47a53\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/policyoptions.irpp.org\\\/fr\\\/2016\\\/02\\\/scalia-more-canadian-than-you-might-think\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/policyoptions.irpp.org\\\/fr\\\/2016\\\/02\\\/scalia-more-canadian-than-you-might-think\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/policyoptions.irpp.org\\\/fr\\\/2016\\\/02\\\/scalia-more-canadian-than-you-might-think\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/policyoptions.irpp.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/08\\\/WordPress-Image-scalia-1.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/policyoptions.irpp.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/08\\\/WordPress-Image-scalia-1.png\",\"width\":2000,\"height\":700},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/policyoptions.irpp.org\\\/fr\\\/2016\\\/02\\\/scalia-more-canadian-than-you-might-think\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/policyoptions.irpp.org\\\/fr\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Scalia: More “Canadian” than you might think\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/policyoptions.irpp.org\\\/fr\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/policyoptions.irpp.org\\\/fr\\\/\",\"name\":\"Policy Options\",\"description\":\"Institute for Research on Public Policy\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/policyoptions.irpp.org\\\/fr\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/policyoptions.irpp.org\\\/fr\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/ef547e06379c238754b30ca3e8e47a53\",\"name\":\"brian\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/0b9b3049d1a576f7e82f588a18a38f00e8c51fe4400711c6ac7e82233be3bdd1?s=96&d=https%3A%2F%2Fpolicyoptions.irpp.org%2Fwp-content%2Fthemes%2Fsimone-blog%2Fimages%2Fmysteryman.png&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/0b9b3049d1a576f7e82f588a18a38f00e8c51fe4400711c6ac7e82233be3bdd1?s=96&d=https%3A%2F%2Fpolicyoptions.irpp.org%2Fwp-content%2Fthemes%2Fsimone-blog%2Fimages%2Fmysteryman.png&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/0b9b3049d1a576f7e82f588a18a38f00e8c51fe4400711c6ac7e82233be3bdd1?s=96&d=https%3A%2F%2Fpolicyoptions.irpp.org%2Fwp-content%2Fthemes%2Fsimone-blog%2Fimages%2Fmysteryman.png&r=g\",\"caption\":\"brian\"},\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/policyoptions.irpp.org\\\/fr\\\/author\\\/brian\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Scalia: More \"Canadian\" than you might think","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/2016\/02\/scalia-more-canadian-than-you-might-think\/","og_locale":"fr_FR","og_type":"article","og_title":"Scalia: More \"Canadian\" than you might think","og_description":"The recent death of the long-serving U.S. Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia has generated a lot of Canadian commentary critiquing his \u201coriginalist\u201d or \u201ctextualist\u201d approach to constitutional interpretation and hostility to the use of foreign judicial decisions in U.S. court judgements. Some commentators, including former Canadian Supreme Court Justices have publicly celebrated the fact that […]","og_url":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/2016\/02\/scalia-more-canadian-than-you-might-think\/","og_site_name":"Policy Options","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/IRPP.org","article_published_time":"2016-02-19T23:54:25+00:00","article_modified_time":"2025-08-28T19:25:39+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1920,"height":672,"url":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/WordPress-Image-scalia-1-1920x672.png","type":"image\/png"}],"author":"brian","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@irpp","twitter_site":"@irpp","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"brian","Est. reading time":"5 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"NewsArticle","@id":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/2016\/02\/scalia-more-canadian-than-you-might-think\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/2016\/02\/scalia-more-canadian-than-you-might-think\/"},"author":{"name":"brian","@id":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/#\/schema\/person\/ef547e06379c238754b30ca3e8e47a53"},"headline":"Scalia: More “Canadian” than you might think","datePublished":"2016-02-19T23:54:25+00:00","dateModified":"2025-08-28T19:25:39+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/2016\/02\/scalia-more-canadian-than-you-might-think\/"},"wordCount":981,"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/2016\/02\/scalia-more-canadian-than-you-might-think\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/WordPress-Image-scalia-1.png","keywords":["Politique am\u00e9ricaine","Syst\u00e8me de justice"],"inLanguage":"fr-FR"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/2016\/02\/scalia-more-canadian-than-you-might-think\/","url":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/2016\/02\/scalia-more-canadian-than-you-might-think\/","name":"Scalia: More \"Canadian\" than you might think","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/2016\/02\/scalia-more-canadian-than-you-might-think\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/2016\/02\/scalia-more-canadian-than-you-might-think\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/WordPress-Image-scalia-1.png","datePublished":"2016-02-19T23:54:25+00:00","dateModified":"2025-08-28T19:25:39+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/#\/schema\/person\/ef547e06379c238754b30ca3e8e47a53"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/2016\/02\/scalia-more-canadian-than-you-might-think\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"fr-FR","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/2016\/02\/scalia-more-canadian-than-you-might-think\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"fr-FR","@id":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/2016\/02\/scalia-more-canadian-than-you-might-think\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/WordPress-Image-scalia-1.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/WordPress-Image-scalia-1.png","width":2000,"height":700},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/2016\/02\/scalia-more-canadian-than-you-might-think\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Scalia: More “Canadian” than you might think"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/#website","url":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/","name":"Policy Options","description":"Institute for Research on Public Policy","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"fr-FR"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/#\/schema\/person\/ef547e06379c238754b30ca3e8e47a53","name":"brian","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"fr-FR","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/0b9b3049d1a576f7e82f588a18a38f00e8c51fe4400711c6ac7e82233be3bdd1?s=96&d=https%3A%2F%2Fpolicyoptions.irpp.org%2Fwp-content%2Fthemes%2Fsimone-blog%2Fimages%2Fmysteryman.png&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/0b9b3049d1a576f7e82f588a18a38f00e8c51fe4400711c6ac7e82233be3bdd1?s=96&d=https%3A%2F%2Fpolicyoptions.irpp.org%2Fwp-content%2Fthemes%2Fsimone-blog%2Fimages%2Fmysteryman.png&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/0b9b3049d1a576f7e82f588a18a38f00e8c51fe4400711c6ac7e82233be3bdd1?s=96&d=https%3A%2F%2Fpolicyoptions.irpp.org%2Fwp-content%2Fthemes%2Fsimone-blog%2Fimages%2Fmysteryman.png&r=g","caption":"brian"},"url":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/author\/brian\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/293113","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/889"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=293113"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/293113\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":295022,"href":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/293113\/revisions\/295022"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/293109"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=293113"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=293113"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=293113"},{"taxonomy":"article-status","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/article-status?post=293113"},{"taxonomy":"irpp-category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/irpp-category?post=293113"},{"taxonomy":"section","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/section?post=293113"},{"taxonomy":"irpp-tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/irpp-tag?post=293113"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}