{"id":304269,"date":"2026-04-22T06:30:00","date_gmt":"2026-04-22T10:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/?post_type=issues&p=304269"},"modified":"2026-04-22T12:13:44","modified_gmt":"2026-04-22T16:13:44","slug":"enrichissement-energie-nucleaire-canada","status":"publish","type":"issues","link":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/2026\/04\/enrich-nuclear-fuel-canadas-dilemma-provinces\/","title":{"rendered":"Enrichir ou non l\u2019uranium pour le\u00a0nucl\u00e9aire : le dilemme du Canada"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

(Version fran\u00e7aise disponible ici.<\/a>) <\/em><\/p>\n\n

Canada is one of the world\u2019s leading nuclear\u00a0power\u00a0nations.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n

It\u00a0supplied\u00a024 per cent\u00a0of global uranium in 2024<\/a>,\u00a0making it the world\u2019s\u00a0second-largest\u00a0producer. It is an\u00a0$800-million-a-year industry that directly employs\u00a0more than\u00a02,000 Canadians at mine sites, more than half of whom are residents of northern Saskatchewan.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n

With Ontario Power Generation\u00a0leading the way, Canada\u00a0is also a leader in\u00a0the\u00a0development of\u00a0small\u00a0modular\u00a0reactors<\/a>\u00a0(SMRs), which have\u00a0attracted interest and development plans in other provinces,\u00a0such as\u00a0Nova Scotia.<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n\n

Yet one crucial step in the nuclear\u00a0industry\u00a0is missing here\u00a0\u2013\u00a0enrichment, which is the process of increasing the percentage of\u00a0the uranium-235 isotope\u00a0in natural uranium\u00a0for use as reactor fuel.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n

Controversially,\u00a0this fuel\u00a0can be used to make nuclear weapons when enriched beyond the levels\u00a0required\u00a0for\u202fcivilian energy production<\/a>.\u00a0Current global geopolitical conflicts make\u202fthe politics of enrichment more visible and raise\u202fproliferation concerns as the distance from civilian-fuel\u00a0grade\u00a0to a more sensitive fuel cycle becomes shorter\u00a0<\/p>\n\n

Today, uranium mined and processed in Canada must be exported to the United States for enrichment before being returned\u00a0for use\u00a0as reactor fuel.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n

But as a new generation of SMRs\u00a0\u2013\u00a0most of\u00a0which require enriched uranium as fuel\u00a0\u2013\u00a0are being prioritized<\/a>, this\u00a0raises a strategic question: should Canada complete the nuclear fuel cycle at home? The answer is not straightforward.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n

Domestic enrichment promises\u00a0to\u00a0provide\u00a0economic opportunity, supply\u00a0chain\u00a0security\u00a0and technological leadership. But it also raises\u00a0difficult questions\u00a0about nuclear non-proliferation\u00a0and geopolitical risks.\u00a0The issue\u00a0is not merely technical. It is strategic.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n

While this does not necessarily mean that the\u00a0Canadian nuclear\u00a0sector should aim at developing a domestic enrichment capability, it does mean\u00a0it\u00a0should have a plan that includes deepening alliances with key\u00a0international\u00a0players\u00a0in the field, assessing the viability of domestic enrichment and\u00a0considering greater use of recycled spent CANDU fuel that has\u00a0already been processed.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n

Canada\u2019s SMR\u00a0moment\u00a0<\/h2>\n\n

Following decades of global success with CANDU reactors, Canada\u2019s nuclear industry is experiencing renewed momentum with\u00a0the\u00a0shift toward SMRs.\u00a0Provinces and utilities are exploring\u00a0them\u00a0as part of the future of electricity\u00a0generation\u00a0and industrial decarbonization.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n

Ontario is spearheading the way with plans for an\u00a0SMR\u00a0that will produce electricity for the\u00a0province\u2019s\u00a0main power\u00a0grid\u00a0at the\u00a0Darlington nuclear site<\/a>.\u00a0Saskatchewan has recognized SMRs\u00a0as a\u00a0potential solution<\/a>\u00a0to replace coal-fired\u00a0power\u00a0generation, while\u00a0New Brunswick is home to two\u00a0advanced\u00a0SMR\u00a0projects<\/a>\u00a0aimed at exporting Canadian nuclear innovation.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n

There are even proposals linking\u00a0SMRs to\u00a0food security in northern communities<\/a>\u00a0by\u00a0supporting greenhouse agriculture in cold climates,\u00a0because\u00a0nuclear reactors can provide both electricity and heat with minimal emissions.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n

But increased use of SMRs leads to a crucial issue \u2013 the need for enriched fuel.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n

Canada\u2019s existing\u00a0nuclear industry is built on\u00a0CANDU\u00a0reactors which use\u00a0natural uranium<\/a>,\u00a0eliminating\u00a0the need for\u00a0enrichment. However, many modern reactors\u00a0require enriched uranium.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n

Completing the\u00a0value\u00a0chain\u00a0<\/h2>\n\n

Energy transitions today are shaped as much by supply chains as by technology. Canada already holds several advantages in the nuclear fuel cycle.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n

In addition to being\u00a0the world\u2019s\u00a0second-largest uranium producer, it hosts one of the world\u2019s few\u00a0uranium conversion facilities<\/a>\u00a0in Port Hope, Ont.\u00a0That facility\u00a0manufactures\u00a0both\u00a0fuel for CANDU heavy-water reactors\u00a0and\u00a0uranium hexafluoride, which\u00a0is exported\u00a0for enrichment and fabrication into fuel for light-water reactors.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n

\n

Federal gifts for the nuclear and mining industries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nuclear energy plays a key role in meeting Canada\u2019s net-zero goals<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n

Including fuel enrichment capacity to complete the\u00a0domestic\u00a0value chain\u00a0would not only enhance Canada\u2019s energy security by reducing dependence on imported fuels\u00a0but\u00a0would\u00a0also serve as\u00a0a hedge against geopolitical disruptions, provide\u00a0economic opportunity for\u00a0the\u00a0high-value industrial and engineering sectors, and\u00a0further enhance its position as a leader in the nuclear energy field.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n

Canada has decades of experience with reactor technology\u00a0through\u00a0its CANDU program. The completion of the fuel cycle\u00a0through domestic enrichment\u00a0would allow Canada to offer a more complete nuclear energy program as the world\u2019s\u00a0SMR\u00a0market develops.\u00a0In theory, Canada could capture a greater share of that supply chain. In practice, however, the path is far from straightforward.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n

Political,\u00a0technological\u00a0and\u00a0financial\u00a0barriers\u00a0<\/h2>\n\n

While\u00a0Canada is\u00a0fully committed<\/a>\u00a0to the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons, the presence of enrichment facilities would inevitably raise questions.\u00a0The\u00a0sensitivity of the topic may have been\u00a0a reason\u00a0why\u00a0Canada\u00a0originally\u00a0went the CANDU route, using natural not enriched uranium.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n

The political barrier is further compounded by the fact the most prevalent form of enrichment\u00a0\u2013\u00a0centrifuge technology<\/a>\u00a0\u2013\u00a0is currently the domain of a handful of companies and nations. Therefore, Canada would have to\u00a0acquire\u00a0enrichment technology\u00a0through a collaboration\u00a0with some of them.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n

In addition, there would be the\u00a0cost\u00a0of\u00a0construction of new facilities, requiring\u00a0an assessment of\u00a0their\u00a0economic viability\u00a0against\u00a0the country’s\u00a0multiple\u00a0strategic interests.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n

An\u00a0alternative\u00a0pathway:\u00a0fuel\u00a0recycling\u00a0<\/h2>\n\n

An alternative Canada can consider is efficient fuel recycling. CANDU reactors have been in operation for\u00a0more than 50 years\u00a0and have produced\u00a0large quantities\u00a0of\u00a0spent nuclear fuel<\/a>.\u00a0Reprocessing would ensure that these\u00a0unused nuclear isotopes are recovered for use in future reactors.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n

Some advanced SMR designs are already exploring\u00a0the use of\u00a0recycled fuel. If these technologies develop further, Canada\u2019s decades-long inventory of\u00a0used\u00a0CANDU fuel could become a strategic asset, thereby\u00a0eliminating\u00a0the geopolitical risks associated with enrichment.\u00a0However, reprocessing raises its own technical\u00a0and regulatory\u00a0challenges\u00a0because\u00a0this\u00a0option\u00a0is still in its infancy.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n

Building enrichment capacity\u00a0is not just an economic calculation.\u00a0There is a\u00a0need for\u00a0a\u00a0multidimensional assessment that\u00a0emphasizes reducing\u00a0the geopolitical risk, addresses value for money and\u00a0ensures\u00a0a sustainable energy security pathway.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n

The\u00a0future of the Canadian nuclear sector will be shaped\u00a0not only\u00a0by the type of reactor used but also\u00a0by\u00a0the strength of the fuel supply chain that backs it.\u00a0The\u00a0CANDU\u00a0nuclear sector played a key role in pioneering the use of civilian nuclear power.\u00a0With the advent of SMRs, the sector is at an important\u00a0crossroads\u00a0and Canada has\u00a0an important decision\u00a0to make.\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

(Version fran\u00e7aise disponible ici.) Canada is one of the world\u2019s leading nuclear\u00a0power\u00a0nations.\u00a0 It\u00a0supplied\u00a024 per cent\u00a0of global uranium in 2024,\u00a0making it the world\u2019s\u00a0second-largest\u00a0producer. It is an\u00a0$800-million-a-year industry that directly employs\u00a0more than\u00a02,000 Canadians at mine sites, more than half of whom are residents of northern Saskatchewan.\u00a0 With Ontario Power Generation\u00a0leading the way, Canada\u00a0is also a leader in\u00a0the\u00a0development […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":304259,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"content-type":"","ep_exclude_from_search":false,"apple_news_api_created_at":"2026-04-22T10:30:07Z","apple_news_api_id":"5be846bc-858a-4281-b4d7-905c059f2655","apple_news_api_modified_at":"2026-04-22T16:12:33Z","apple_news_api_revision":"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA==","apple_news_api_share_url":"https:\/\/apple.news\/AW-hGvIWKQoG015BcBZ8mVQ","apple_news_cover_media_provider":"image","apple_news_coverimage":0,"apple_news_coverimage_caption":"","apple_news_cover_video_id":0,"apple_news_cover_video_url":"","apple_news_cover_embedwebvideo_url":"","apple_news_is_hidden":"","apple_news_is_paid":"","apple_news_is_preview":"","apple_news_is_sponsored":"","apple_news_maturity_rating":"","apple_news_metadata":"\"\"","apple_news_pullquote":"","apple_news_pullquote_position":"","apple_news_slug":"","apple_news_sections":[],"apple_news_suppress_video_url":false,"apple_news_use_image_component":false},"categories":[],"tags":[],"article-status":[9449],"irpp-category":[4327,4261,4404],"section":[],"irpp-tag":[7183,7095,7152],"class_list":["post-304269","issues","type-issues","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","irpp-category-energie","irpp-category-environnement","irpp-category-politique-industrielle","irpp-tag-commerce","irpp-tag-energie-propre","irpp-tag-nucleaire"],"acf":[],"apple_news_notices":[],"yoast_head":"\nEnrichir 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