{"id":268833,"date":"2020-10-22T10:30:14","date_gmt":"2020-10-22T14:30:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/issues\/first-nations-have-their-own-legal-authority-to-regulate-their-fishing-rights\/"},"modified":"2025-10-07T23:15:25","modified_gmt":"2025-10-08T03:15:25","slug":"first-nations-have-their-own-legal-authority-to-regulate-their-fishing-rights","status":"publish","type":"issues","link":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/2020\/10\/first-nations-have-their-own-legal-authority-to-regulate-their-fishing-rights\/","title":{"rendered":"First Nations have their own legal authority to regulate their fishing rights"},"content":{"rendered":"

Note: the word L\u2019nu means the people of the same tongue and is the preferred name of the tribe otherwise known as Mi\u2019kmaq. L\u2019nu is singular and L\u2019nuk is plural.<\/em><\/p>\n

It has been 21 years since Donald Marshall Jr. was acquitted by the Supreme Court of Canada<\/a> of illegal fishing under Canada\u2019s federal fishing laws and regulations. His defence was that the Peace and Friendship Treaties<\/a> of 1760-61 provided him with a treaty right to harvest and sell fish.<\/p>\n

The courts have stated that Indigenous rights cases are very difficult to litigate as they usually arise out of a criminal or quasi-criminal regulatory breach and are not well suited for litigation. The message is: Indigenous rights should be negotiated, not litigated.<\/p>\n

When the Marshall case was won, L\u2019nuk hopes and expectations were raised. L\u2019nuk thought that maybe, just maybe, the next generation of L\u2019nuk will be able to share in the generous bounty of the land and sea. Those hopes and expectations were quickly dashed when the DFO boats rammed the L\u2019nu boats at Burnt Church, N.B. L\u2019nuk knew then that despite the Court decision, efforts would continue to deny them a basic human right, implicitly guaranteed by the treaty: the ability to earn a \u201cmoderate livelihood.\u201d<\/p>\n

What was developed instead was a provisional program to provide communal access to the commercial fishery for L\u2019nuk communities. This was coupled with extensive promises, by successive Canadian governments, to undertake negotiations after the situation (and the non-native fishers) had calmed down. Those negotiations did not materialize, leaving the L\u2019nuk wondering when we would finally be able to fish and earn a moderate livelihood.<\/p>\n

The L\u2019nuk have been waiting patiently for 21 years to negotiate a framework for implementing the Marshall ruling and the treaty right to harvest and sell fish. There are many issues around the definition of the term \u201cmoderate livelihood\u201d and these all need to be clarified and agreed upon.<\/p>\n

In the meantime, other developments changed the dynamic of Canada-First Nations relations, most momentously the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) with its Calls to Action<\/a>, and the Murdered and Missing Indigenous Women and Girls Inquiry (MMIWG) with its Calls for Justice<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The TRC Call to Action 45 calls on the Canadian government to:<\/p>\n

Reconcile Aboriginal and Crown constitutional and legal orders to ensure that Aboriginal peoples are full partners in Confederation, including the recognition and integration of Indigenous laws and legal traditions in negotiation and implementation <\/em>processes<\/em> involving Treaties, land claims, and other constructive agreements.<\/em><\/p>\n

In a similar vein, the MMIWG Calls to Justice Report stated that cultural safety is more than just cultural competency: \u201c\u2026The creation of cultural safety requires, at a minimum, the inclusion of Indigenous languages, laws and protocols, governance, spirituality, and religion\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

These two landmark \u201ccalls\u201d highlight the need for Indigenous laws, legal orders and legal principles to become a foundational component of the reconciliation process. The L\u2019nuk legal orders or principles, called Lnuwey Tplutaqan, provide authority for the L\u2019nuk to enact laws, rules, and regulations, in a manner similar to how the Government of Canada can enact laws under the authority granted to it by the Canadian Constitution Act<\/em> of 1982.<\/p>\n

Section 91 and 92 of the Canadian Constitution Act<\/a> grants authority to both the federal and provincial governments to enact laws under specific heads of power. For example, section 91(24) grants the federal government to enact laws for \u201cIndians and lands reserved for Indians.\u201d The Indian Act<\/a> was enacted under this section, and the Fisheries Act<\/a> was enacted under the authority of section 91(12), governing the issuance of licenses.<\/p>\n

Indeed, section 2.3 of this Fisheries Act specifically states: \u201cThis Act is to be construed as upholding the rights of Indigenous peoples recognized and affirmed by section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982<\/em><\/a>, and not as abrogating or derogating from them.\u201d \u00a0<\/em>In Section 2.4, it states that: \u201cWhen making a decision under this Act, the Minister shall consider any adverse effects that the decision may have on the rights of the Indigenous peoples of Canada recognized and affirmed by section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982.\u201d<\/p>\n

The Fisheries Minister routinely issues licenses, enacts and enforces wide-ranging regulations, under the authority of the Fisheries Act. Yet the Aboriginal right of self-government is constitutionally protected under section 35 of the Constitution and trumps any legislation, rules or regulations enacted under section 91 of the Canadian Constitution<\/em> Act<\/em>.<\/p>\n

It appears that DFO has abdicated its responsibility to negotiate in good faith and establish a legislative framework for the moderate livelihood fishery. The L\u2019nu have now used their self-government powers and enacted L\u2019nu fishing rules and regulations under the L\u2019nuwey Tplutaqan legal order of Netukulimk<\/em>, defined by the L\u2019nu as including \u201c<\/em>use of the natural bounty provided by the Creator\u201d sufficient to ensure \u201cthe self-support of the individual and the community.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Fishermen from Lennox Island First Nation in PEI cast their lobster traps, in July 2019. Photo by Patricia Bourque.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Exercising self-government in accordance with Netukulimk<\/em> \u2013 allowing L\u2019nuk fishers to work legally and rightfully \u2013 is all the Sipekne’katik First Nation has done. This crucial point can be hard for non-native fishers and officials to grasp precisely because Netukulimk<\/em> can authorize a licensing scheme for L\u2019nuk, it acts to both grant and limit the rights of licensees. Conservation is the foundation of Netukulimk<\/em>; accordingly, Sipekne’katik responsibly issued only five licenses, and limited each L\u2019nuk fisher to the use of only 50 traps, in lobster fishing area (LFA) 34. In contrast, there are nearly one thousand \u2013 985 \u2013 non-native licenses, with each fisher permitted up to 400 traps \u2013 in the same area.<\/p>\n

Conservation is not, however, the fundamental legal question here: who<\/em> gets to regulate is the issue. This is essentially the same fight that DFO and Department of Indigenous and Northern Affairs had in 1999, because all the L\u2019nuk have done, now as then, is seek to exercise \u2013 in a responsible and culturally appropriate manner \u2013 their rights to self-government, in order to regulate their treaty right.<\/p>\n

In sum, the Sipekne’katik fishers are fishing under the licensing scheme of the Sipekne’katik First Nation, enacted under authority of the Indigenous legal order of Netukulimk<\/em>, as protected under section 35 of the Canadian Constitution.<\/p>\n

The real fight now is with the Canadian justice system. The Calls to Action and the Calls to Justice established the reconciliation framework, and Canadian legal institutions must incorporate Netukulimk<\/em> in its considerations of disputes among the L’nuk fishers and the non-Indigenous fishers. To ensure this happens \u2013 that justice is finally done \u2013 is our mission and work of the Eastern Door, a group of L\u2019nu and Indigenous lawyers in Nova Scotia & Atlantic Canada.<\/p>\n

Tuma T W Young, QC, Eskasoni\/Malagawatch First Nation\/ Sydney, N.S
\n<\/em>Cheryl Simon, Abegweit First Nation\/Dartmouth, N.S.
\n<\/em>Naiomi Metallic, Listuguj First Nation\/Halifax
\n<\/em>Janice Maloney, Millbrook First Nation
\n<\/em>Angeline Gillis, Eskasoni First Nation
\n<\/em>Michael W McDonald, <\/em>Sipekne’katik First Nation
\n<\/em>Mark Charles, Dartmouth, N.S.
\n<\/em>Shelly Martin, Millbrook First Nation
\n<\/em>Andrew Kirk, Dartmouth, N.S.
\n<\/em>Roy T.J. Stewart, Halifax
\n<\/em>Jarvis Googoo, We\u2019koqmaq First Nation\/Halifax
\n<\/em>Victor Carter, Pictou Landing First Nation
\n<\/em>Jessie Denny, Eskasoni First Nation
\n<\/em>Mary Jane Abram, Millbrook First Nation
\n<\/em>Tanisha Blackmore, Millbrook First Nation
\n<\/em>Malian Levi, <\/em>Elsipogtog First Nation
\n<\/em>Bernd Christmas, Membertou First Nation
\n<\/em>Paul Prosper, Paqtnkek First Nation
\n<\/em>Jennifer Cox, Millbrook First Nation
\n<\/em>Victor J. Ryan, Halifax
\n<\/em>Giancarla Francis, Membertou First Nation\/Dartmouth, N.S.
\n<\/em>Twila Gaudet, Glooscap First Nation\/Truro
\n<\/em>Adam Panko, Halifax
\n<\/em>Angelina Amaral, Conne River First Nation\/Truro, N.S.
\n<\/em>Trevor Bernard, Membertou First Nation
\n<\/em>Jeremiah Raining Bird, Halifax
\n<\/em>Heather McNeil, QC, Millbrook First Nation\/Halifax
\n<\/em>Jessica Upshaw, Halifax
\n<\/em>Douglas Brown, Membertou First Nation
\n<\/em>Cheryl Knockwood, Membertou First Nation
\n<\/em>Kelly J Serbu, QC, Halifax
\n<\/em>Natalie D Clifford, Millbrook First Nation\/Halifax
\n<\/em>Jade Marie Pictou, Halifax
\n<\/em>Ashley P.N. Hamp-Gonsalves, Halifax
\n<\/em>Jamie A. Vacon, Yarmouth, N.S.
\n<\/em>Madison A. Joe, Membertou First Nation
\n<\/em>Robin Thompson, Dartmouth, N.S.
\n<\/em>Garnet Brooks, Halifax
\n<\/em>Rosalie Francis, <\/em>Sipekne’katik First Nation
\n<\/em>James Michael, Sipekne’katik First Nation
\n<\/em>Pamela Palmater, Eel River Bar First Nation\/Chair in Indigenous law at Ryerson University<\/i><\/p>\n

Photo: A group of L\u2019nu women play hand drums and burn sage at the Saunierville, NS wharf on Sept. 20, 2020. The women had come to the wharf, hearing that commercial fishermen had taken to the waters to confront L\u2019nu fishermen. Photo by Patricia Bourque.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Note: the word L\u2019nu means the people of the same tongue and is the preferred name of the tribe otherwise known as Mi\u2019kmaq. L\u2019nu is singular and L\u2019nuk is plural. It has been 21 years since Donald Marshall Jr. was acquitted by the Supreme Court of Canada of illegal fishing under Canada\u2019s federal fishing laws […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":243052,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"content-type":"","ep_exclude_from_search":false,"apple_news_api_created_at":"2025-10-08T03:15:28Z","apple_news_api_id":"3ce03387-fe7f-4295-9ea1-3543dd3930c6","apple_news_api_modified_at":"2025-10-08T03:15:28Z","apple_news_api_revision":"AAAAAAAAAAD\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/w==","apple_news_api_share_url":"https:\/\/apple.news\/APOAzh_5_QpWeoTVD3Tkwxg","apple_news_cover_media_provider":"image","apple_news_coverimage":0,"apple_news_coverimage_caption":"","apple_news_cover_video_id":0,"apple_news_cover_video_url":"","apple_news_cover_embedwebvideo_url":"","apple_news_is_hidden":"","apple_news_is_paid":"","apple_news_is_preview":"","apple_news_is_sponsored":"","apple_news_maturity_rating":"","apple_news_metadata":"\"\"","apple_news_pullquote":"","apple_news_pullquote_position":"","apple_news_slug":"","apple_news_sections":[],"apple_news_suppress_video_url":false,"apple_news_use_image_component":false},"categories":[9380,9359,9372],"tags":[8582],"article-status":[],"irpp-category":[4371,4339],"section":[],"irpp-tag":[7114],"class_list":["post-268833","issues","type-issues","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-autochtones","category-loi-droits","category-recent-stories-fr","tag-fisheries-fr","irpp-category-autochtones","irpp-category-loi-et-justice","irpp-tag-peche"],"acf":[],"apple_news_notices":[],"yoast_head":"\nFirst Nations have their own legal authority to regulate their fishing rights<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/2020\/10\/first-nations-have-their-own-legal-authority-to-regulate-their-fishing-rights\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"First Nations have their own legal authority to regulate their fishing rights\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Note: the word L\u2019nu means the people of the same tongue and is the preferred name of the tribe otherwise known as Mi\u2019kmaq. 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