{"id":266165,"date":"2018-04-26T10:30:04","date_gmt":"2018-04-26T14:30:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/issues\/dernier-de-classe\/"},"modified":"2025-10-07T22:04:19","modified_gmt":"2025-10-08T02:04:19","slug":"dernier-de-classe","status":"publish","type":"issues","link":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/2018\/04\/dernier-de-classe\/","title":{"rendered":"Dernier de classe<br><small><em>Chronique<\/small><\/em>"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"dropcap-big\">Il y a quelques semaines, Andr\u00e9 Picard, le journaliste <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/opinion\/article-how-does-canadas-health-spending-hold-up-to-international-scrutiny\/\">qui couvre la sant\u00e9 pour le <em>Globe and Mail<\/em><\/a>, reprenait les constats d\u2019une <a href=\"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jama\/fullarticle\/2674671\">\u00e9tude parue dans <em>JAMA<\/em><\/a> (<em>The<\/em> <em>Journal of the American Medical Association)<\/em> pour d\u00e9plorer le peu de ressources financi\u00e8res consacr\u00e9es \u00e0 la protection sociale au Canada. Parmi les 11 pays retenus par les auteurs de l\u2019\u00e9tude \u2014 Irene Papanicolas, Liana R. Woskie et Ashish K. Jha \u2014, le Canada arrive bon dernier en ce qui concerne les d\u00e9penses pour les programmes sociaux.<\/p>\n<p>Les chiffres pr\u00e9sent\u00e9s dans l\u2019\u00e9tude du <em>JAMA<\/em> pr\u00eatent un peu \u00e0 confusion parce qu\u2019ils combinent les d\u00e9penses sociales tant des gouvernements que des m\u00e9nages. Les auteurs mettent tout de m\u00eame le doigt sur une r\u00e9alit\u00e9 que les chercheurs connaissent bien\u00a0: les gouvernements au Canada d\u00e9pensent peu pour les programmes sociaux, moins en fait que ceux des \u00c9tats-Unis, qui ne sont gu\u00e8re reconnus pour leur propension \u00e0 redistribuer. La figure 1, qui reprend les donn\u00e9es de l\u2019OCDE pour 35 pays, laisse peu de doutes \u00e0 cet \u00e9gard.<div class=\"infogram-embed\" data-id=\"48193d50-d937-4742-9517-eec96392d8c9\" data-type=\"interactive\"><\/div><script>!function(e,t,s,i){var n=\"InfogramEmbeds\",o=e.getElementsByTagName(\"script\"),d=o[0],r=\/^http:\/.test(e.location)?\"http:\":\"https:\";if(\/^\\\/{2}\/.test(i)&&(i=r+i),window[n]&&window[n].initialized)window[n].process&&window[n].process();else if(!e.getElementById(s)){var a=e.createElement(\"script\");a.async=1,a.id=s,a.src=i,d.parentNode.insertBefore(a,d)}}(document,0,\"infogram-async\",\"\/\/e.infogram.com\/js\/dist\/embed-loader-min.js\");<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u00c9branl\u00e9s par ce classement, qui situe le Canada bien loin de la moyenne des pays comparables, plusieurs observateurs ont soup\u00e7onn\u00e9 qu\u2019il y ait eu des erreurs ou, au moins, ont \u00e9voqu\u00e9 des circonstances att\u00e9nuantes.<\/p>\n<p>L\u2019OCDE oublierait-elle de compter certaines d\u00e9penses ? Apr\u00e8s tout, dans une f\u00e9d\u00e9ration comme le Canada, beaucoup de programmes rel\u00e8vent des provinces. On ne peut exclure une erreur de mesure. Mais la note de l\u2019OCDE sur le Canada confirme que les donn\u00e9es retenues tiennent compte de pratiquement toutes les d\u00e9penses, incluant les prestations du R\u00e9gime de pensions du Canada et du R\u00e9gime de rentes du Qu\u00e9bec, celles du R\u00e9gime qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois d\u2019assurance parentale comme les d\u00e9bours\u00e9s des provinces pour les services de garde. S\u2019il y a une erreur de mesure, elle ne peut qu\u2019\u00eatre minime.<\/p>\n<p>Ne serait-ce pas parce que les \u00c9tats-Unis d\u00e9pensent de fa\u00e7on tellement inefficace pour les soins de sant\u00e9 qu\u2019ils nous d\u00e9passent ? Il est vrai qu\u2019au chapitre des d\u00e9penses totales en sant\u00e9 (publiques et priv\u00e9es), nos voisins du Sud sont de loin les champions du monde avec une <a href=\"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jama\/article-abstract\/2674671?redirect=true\">facture qui s\u2019\u00e9l\u00e8ve \u00e0 17,8 % du PIB, contre 10,3 % au Canada<\/a>. Mais ce sont surtout les d\u00e9penses priv\u00e9es qui, dans leur cas, font la diff\u00e9rence. Si on ne retient que les d\u00e9penses publiques, comme le montre la figure 2, les \u00c9tats-Unis ne sont pas si loin devant le Canada, qui lui-m\u00eame se retrouve bien au-dessus de la moyenne de l\u2019OCDE.<\/p>\n<div class=\"infogram-embed\" data-id=\"d8ff6dd4-ba6f-4e2b-9ee8-1e6b3b5815da\" data-type=\"interactive\"><\/div><script>!function(e,t,s,i){var n=\"InfogramEmbeds\",o=e.getElementsByTagName(\"script\"),d=o[0],r=\/^http:\/.test(e.location)?\"http:\":\"https:\";if(\/^\\\/{2}\/.test(i)&&(i=r+i),window[n]&&window[n].initialized)window[n].process&&window[n].process();else if(!e.getElementById(s)){var a=e.createElement(\"script\");a.async=1,a.id=s,a.src=i,d.parentNode.insertBefore(a,d)}}(document,0,\"infogram-async\",\"\/\/e.infogram.com\/js\/dist\/embed-loader-min.js\");<\/script>\n<p>Bref, le retard du Canada sur le plan des d\u00e9penses sociales n\u2019est pas li\u00e9 aux d\u00e9penses pour la sant\u00e9, qui sont inf\u00e9rieures aux d\u00e9penses am\u00e9ricaines mais nettement sup\u00e9rieures \u00e0 la moyenne des pays de l\u2019OCDE.<\/p>\n<p>Ne serait-ce pas alors \u00e0 cause des retraites, qui co\u00fbtent si cher dans plusieurs pays europ\u00e9ens ? En partie oui, comme le montre la figure 3.<\/p>\n<div class=\"infogram-embed\" data-id=\"74423b85-a3b0-4c53-822c-d347329b4ebe\" data-type=\"interactive\"><\/div><script>!function(e,t,s,i){var n=\"InfogramEmbeds\",o=e.getElementsByTagName(\"script\"),d=o[0],r=\/^http:\/.test(e.location)?\"http:\":\"https:\";if(\/^\\\/{2}\/.test(i)&&(i=r+i),window[n]&&window[n].initialized)window[n].process&&window[n].process();else if(!e.getElementById(s)){var a=e.createElement(\"script\");a.async=1,a.id=s,a.src=i,d.parentNode.insertBefore(a,d)}}(document,0,\"infogram-async\",\"\/\/e.infogram.com\/js\/dist\/embed-loader-min.js\");<\/script>\n<p>Les d\u00e9penses publiques en retraites demeurent basses au Canada parce que les taux de remplacement du revenu se situent \u00e0 un niveau comparativement modeste et que les retrait\u00e9s d\u00e9pendent plus qu\u2019ailleurs de pensions priv\u00e9es et d\u2019\u00e9pargnes personnelles. Le syst\u00e8me canadien r\u00e9ussit tout de m\u00eame assez bien \u00e0 contrer la pauvret\u00e9 chez les a\u00een\u00e9s, gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la combinaison d\u2019un socle universel, la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 de la vieillesse, et d\u2019un compl\u00e9ment cibl\u00e9, le Suppl\u00e9ment de revenu garanti. Quoi qu\u2019il en soit, l\u00e0 se trouve une partie de l\u2019explication pour la position de queue du Canada. Les retraites constituent en effet, avec la sant\u00e9, l\u2019une des <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/fr\/els\/soc\/OCDE2016-Le-Point-sur-les-depenses-sociales.pdf\">composantes les plus lourdes<\/a> des d\u00e9penses sociales.<\/p>\n<p>Mais des pensions frugales n\u2019expliquent pas tout. Pour le reste des d\u00e9penses sociales \u2014prestations li\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019incapacit\u00e9, politiques familiales, politiques actives du march\u00e9 du travail, assurance-emploi, logement et autres prestations (incluant notamment l\u2019aide sociale) \u2014, le Canada ne brille pas non plus parmi les meilleurs. En effet, la figure 4 montre que, sur ce plan, le pays ne se classe pas mieux que pour les d\u00e9penses totales.<\/p>\n<div class=\"infogram-embed\" data-id=\"0adc3dc6-3744-46b0-8459-18dee4a93556\" data-type=\"interactive\"><\/div><script>!function(e,t,s,i){var n=\"InfogramEmbeds\",o=e.getElementsByTagName(\"script\"),d=o[0],r=\/^http:\/.test(e.location)?\"http:\":\"https:\";if(\/^\\\/{2}\/.test(i)&&(i=r+i),window[n]&&window[n].initialized)window[n].process&&window[n].process();else if(!e.getElementById(s)){var a=e.createElement(\"script\");a.async=1,a.id=s,a.src=i,d.parentNode.insertBefore(a,d)}}(document,0,\"infogram-async\",\"\/\/e.infogram.com\/js\/dist\/embed-loader-min.js\");<\/script>\n<p>Serait-ce parce qu\u2019au Canada on utilise davantage la fiscalit\u00e9, entre autres des cr\u00e9dits d\u2019imp\u00f4t pour les familles ou les travailleurs pauvres ? L\u2019OCDE a \u00e9galement envisag\u00e9 cette possibilit\u00e9, et elle a calcul\u00e9 les d\u00e9penses sociales publiques nettes, qui tiennent compte des prestations vers\u00e9es gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la fiscalit\u00e9 mais aussi de la r\u00e9cup\u00e9ration fiscale de certaines prestations. L\u00e0 encore, le Canada demeure coll\u00e9 au bas de l\u2019\u00e9chelle, comme le montre la figure 5.<\/p>\n<div class=\"infogram-embed\" data-id=\"b7296acf-4a54-4ee2-8522-19b23981ee8a\" data-type=\"interactive\"><\/div><script>!function(e,t,s,i){var n=\"InfogramEmbeds\",o=e.getElementsByTagName(\"script\"),d=o[0],r=\/^http:\/.test(e.location)?\"http:\":\"https:\";if(\/^\\\/{2}\/.test(i)&&(i=r+i),window[n]&&window[n].initialized)window[n].process&&window[n].process();else if(!e.getElementById(s)){var a=e.createElement(\"script\");a.async=1,a.id=s,a.src=i,d.parentNode.insertBefore(a,d)}}(document,0,\"infogram-async\",\"\/\/e.infogram.com\/js\/dist\/embed-loader-min.js\");<\/script>\n<p>Le fait que le Canada soit \u00e0 peu pr\u00e8s dernier de classe pour ce qui est des d\u00e9penses sociales publiques en pourcentage du PIB ne tient donc ni \u00e0 une erreur de mesure, ni \u00e0 une fa\u00e7on particuli\u00e8rement canadienne d\u2019\u00eatre g\u00e9n\u00e9reux. En dehors des soins de sant\u00e9, nous faisons tout simplement moins d\u2019efforts que la plupart des pays riches pour les vieux comme pour les moins vieux. Les sceptiques, qui gardent une petite m\u00e9fiance \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard du d\u00e9compte des d\u00e9penses, peuvent aller voir du c\u00f4t\u00e9 des revenus. La figure 6, qui pr\u00e9sente les recettes fiscales totales en pourcentage du PIB, montre bien que si le Canada d\u00e9pense moins pour la protection sociale, c\u2019est aussi parce qu\u2019il pr\u00e9l\u00e8ve comparativement peu d\u2019imp\u00f4t.<\/p>\n<div class=\"infogram-embed\" data-id=\"c192c8cd-e9a4-4f2d-9438-fe3f95183430\" data-type=\"interactive\"><\/div><script>!function(e,t,s,i){var n=\"InfogramEmbeds\",o=e.getElementsByTagName(\"script\"),d=o[0],r=\/^http:\/.test(e.location)?\"http:\":\"https:\";if(\/^\\\/{2}\/.test(i)&&(i=r+i),window[n]&&window[n].initialized)window[n].process&&window[n].process();else if(!e.getElementById(s)){var a=e.createElement(\"script\");a.async=1,a.id=s,a.src=i,d.parentNode.insertBefore(a,d)}}(document,0,\"infogram-async\",\"\/\/e.infogram.com\/js\/dist\/embed-loader-min.js\");<\/script>\n<p>De quelque fa\u00e7on qu\u2019on le regarde, le Canada ne poss\u00e8de tout simplement pas un \u00c9tat-providence g\u00e9n\u00e9reux. Les gouvernements font leur part pour les soins de sant\u00e9, mais pour le reste, ils n\u2019assurent que le minimum, en se donnant des ressources financi\u00e8res moindres que la plupart des pays riches.<\/p>\n<p>La bonne nouvelle dans tout cela, c\u2019est qu\u2019il y a amplement place \u00e0 l\u2019am\u00e9lioration.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"image-caption\">Photo\u00a0: Shutterstock \/ Golden Brown<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><em>Souhaitez-vous r\u00e9agir \u00e0 cet article ? <\/em><em>Joignez-vous aux d\u00e9bats d\u2019<\/em>Options politiques\u00a0<em>et soumettez-nous votre texte en suivant ces\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/article-submission\/\"><em>directives<\/em><\/a><em>. <\/em><em>| Do you have something to say about the article you just read? Be part of the\u00a0<\/em>Policy Options<em>\u00a0discussion, and send in your own submission.\u00a0Here is a\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/article-submission\/\"><em>link<\/em><\/a><em>\u00a0on how to do it.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Il y a quelques semaines, Andr\u00e9 Picard, le journaliste qui couvre la sant\u00e9 pour le Globe and Mail, reprenait les constats d\u2019une \u00e9tude parue dans JAMA (The Journal of the American Medical Association) pour d\u00e9plorer le peu de ressources financi\u00e8res consacr\u00e9es \u00e0 la protection sociale au Canada. Parmi les 11 pays retenus par les auteurs [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":274379,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"content-type":"","ep_exclude_from_search":false,"apple_news_api_created_at":"2025-10-08T02:04:21Z","apple_news_api_id":"3f63cace-bafc-4818-b5a2-84d4f182e004","apple_news_api_modified_at":"2025-10-08T02:04:21Z","apple_news_api_revision":"AAAAAAAAAAD\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/w==","apple_news_api_share_url":"https:\/\/apple.news\/AP2PKzrr8SBi1ooTU8YLgBA","apple_news_cover_media_provider":"image","apple_news_coverimage":0,"apple_news_coverimage_caption":"","apple_news_cover_video_id":0,"apple_news_cover_video_url":"","apple_news_cover_embedwebvideo_url":"","apple_news_is_hidden":"","apple_news_is_paid":"","apple_news_is_preview":"","apple_news_is_sponsored":"","apple_news_maturity_rating":"","apple_news_metadata":"\"\"","apple_news_pullquote":"","apple_news_pullquote_position":"","apple_news_slug":"","apple_news_sections":[],"apple_news_suppress_video_url":false,"apple_news_use_image_component":false},"categories":[9358,9357,9372],"tags":[],"article-status":[],"irpp-category":[4295,4251],"section":[],"irpp-tag":[],"class_list":["post-266165","issues","type-issues","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-politique","category-politiques-sociales","category-recent-stories-fr","irpp-category-politique","irpp-category-politique-sociale"],"acf":[],"apple_news_notices":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Dernier de classeChronique<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/2018\/04\/dernier-de-classe\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Dernier de classeChronique\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Il y a quelques semaines, Andr\u00e9 Picard, le journaliste qui couvre la sant\u00e9 pour le Globe and Mail, reprenait les constats d\u2019une \u00e9tude parue dans JAMA (The Journal of the American Medical Association) pour d\u00e9plorer le peu de ressources financi\u00e8res consacr\u00e9es \u00e0 la protection sociale au Canada. 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