{"id":265593,"date":"2017-10-18T10:30:16","date_gmt":"2017-10-18T14:30:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/issues\/are-climate-reforms-in-china-evidence-of-global-leadership\/"},"modified":"2025-10-07T21:49:13","modified_gmt":"2025-10-08T01:49:13","slug":"are-climate-reforms-in-china-evidence-of-global-leadership","status":"publish","type":"issues","link":"https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/2017\/10\/are-climate-reforms-in-china-evidence-of-global-leadership\/","title":{"rendered":"Are climate reforms in China evidence of global leadership?"},"content":{"rendered":"

In the 1980s, Deng Xiaoping famously articulated the \u201c24-character strategy,\u201d\u00a0in which he suggested that China \u201ckeep a low profile\u201d\u00a0(tao\u00a0guang\u00a0yang hui<\/i>, or\u00a0\u97ec\u5149\u517b\u6666) and\u00a0\u201cnever claim leadership.\u201d\u00a0This status quo strategy informed China\u2019s foreign policy for decades and became the cornerstone of\u00a0its\u00a0political thought\u00a0throughout\u00a0the\u00a020th\u00a0and\u00a0early\u00a021st centuries.\u00a0That is\u00a0why\u00a0President Xi\u00a0Jinping\u2019s impassioned defence of\u00a0globalization, free trade\u00a0and liberal economic institutions at the World Economic Forum in Davos in\u00a0January 2017\u00a0surprised both domestic and foreign audiences.\u00a0Xi\u2019s speech\u00a0staked out\u00a0China\u2019s position as a global political power and indicated a new, perhaps more assertive international role for\u00a0its leadership. Similarly,\u00a0Xi\u2019s declaration\u00a0at Davos\u00a0that China would uphold the Paris climate accord,\u00a0in spite\u00a0of\u00a0the United States\u2019\u00a0withdrawal\u00a0from it,\u00a0represented\u00a0an unusually\u00a0forceful\u00a0style of\u00a0international\u00a0diplomacy\u00a0for\u00a0Chinese\u00a0leaders.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

This assertive approach\u00a0to climate governance\u00a0has not been confined to rhetoric: in the last\u00a0few\u00a0years, China has undertaken significant reforms, at both the international\u00a0and domestic levels.\u00a0At the Paris\u00a0negotiations in 2015, China\u00a0committed to reducing its reliance on coal-fired power plants and to\u00a0hitting\u00a0peak carbon emissions by 2030. Also in\u00a02015, the central government announced a regional cap-and-trade emissions\u00a0pilot program\u00a0in\u00a0two provinces and five cities, which led to the establishment of a formal\u00a0emissions-trading scheme,\u00a0involving six major industrial regions,\u00a0implemented in 2017.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

While it is indisputable that China is actively engaged in climate reform,\u00a0are these reforms evidence of\u00a0international\u00a0leadership?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

To be effective, cap-and-trade systems require two\u00a0things: transparent carbon accounting and credible enforcement. While the Chinese government has made great strides\u00a0in\u00a0generally improving\u00a0its\u00a0environmental transparency,\u00a0a\u00a0credible data collection\u00a0system\u00a0is\u00a0a long way\u00a0off: much\u00a0of Chinese industry is\u00a0not very effectively\u00a0regulated, particularly outside of urban centres\u00a0like Beijing.\u00a0And enforcement\u00a0of\u00a0environmental\u00a0regulations\u00a0has long been\u00a0problematic\u00a0for\u00a0the central\u00a0Chinese\u00a0government, particularly\u00a0as\u00a0it\u00a0involves\u00a0different levels of administration.\u00a0The \u201cwar on smog\u201d in Beijing\u00a0received much attention this year, but the\u00a0government appears to have\u00a0engaged\u00a0in a process\u00a0where\u00a0heavy industry\u00a0is\u00a0simply\u00a0moved\u00a0away from the city,\u00a0rather than being shut down.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Cap-and-trade systems have long been criticized as\u00a0being\u00a0ineffectual\u00a0as market\u00a0mechanisms for emissions\u00a0reduction. In 2016, the\u00a0International Monetary Fund\u00a0published a\u00a0working paper\u00a0<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0which\u00a0it\u00a0attempted to steer China away from cap-and-trade toward\u00a0a national price\u00a0on carbon.\u00a0If\u00a0a\u00a0carbon\u00a0tax were\u00a0directly\u00a0applied\u00a0at the point of extraction or refining, a national carbon price would more effectively\u00a0capture\u00a0the amount of\u00a0carbon emitted in both regulated and unregulated industries. However, China has instead chosen to adopt a hybrid\u00a0strategy\u00a0that\u00a0is a combination of\u00a0the\u00a0market approaches used\u00a0by the United States\u00a0in\u00a0the 1980s in its\u00a0acid rain reduction program\u00a0and the cap-and-trade scheme used by the European Union.\u00a0Since\u00a0the\u00a0failure of the\u00a0Kyoto Protocol\u00a0is widely\u00a0put down to a poorly enforced cap-and-trade scheme\u00a0\u2014\u00a0states \u201cgamed the system\u201d\u00a0with\u00a0opaque carbon accounting and poor enforcement\u00a0\u2014\u00a0it is\u00a0difficult\u00a0to see\u00a0how\u00a0the adoption of that\u00a0strategy\u00a0in China\u2019s case\u00a0could\u00a0be considered\u00a0international\u00a0leadership at all.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Earlier this year,\u00a0China announced it would\u00a0introduce a\u00a0cap-and-trade system in\u00a0its\u00a0auto manufacturing\u00a0sector: 10 percent\u00a0of domestically manufactured vehicles would have to be low-\u00a0or zero-emissions\u00a0vehicles. However,\u00a0in September,\u00a0it\u00a0changed course\u00a0and announced\u00a0that the cap-and-trade system would be put on hold\u00a0to allow the industry to adequately prepare for the new regulations.\u00a0Given\u00a0that the Chinese power grid is still heavily reliant\u00a0on coal-fired power generation,\u00a0and\u00a0that\u00a0using more electric cars would\u00a0not\u00a0necessarily result in\u00a0a net reduction in\u00a0carbon emissions,\u00a0this general\u00a0acquiescence\u00a0to industry on China\u2019s part\u00a0hardly demonstrates a new commitment to emissions\u00a0reduction\u00a0or to increasing its\u00a0international leadership.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

However, China\u00a0should not\u00a0be held to a higher standard than\u00a0are\u00a0other\u00a0developed countries.\u00a0Canada\u2019s fragmented climate strategy\u00a0and uneven carbon pricing, in which provinces submit their own approaches\u00a0to emissions\u00a0reduction, has been widely criticized as\u00a0being\u00a0inefficient and\u00a0ineffectual.\u00a0Considering that\u00a0Justin\u00a0Trudeau\u2019s\u00a0government has\u00a0said\u00a0climate governance and emissions\u00a0reduction are strategic priorities for Canada,\u00a0our approach to climate governance is hardly innovative or\u00a0rigorous.\u00a0Likewise, the United Kingdom\u00a0committed to an 80 percent\u00a0emissions\u00a0reduction\u00a0by 2050 in its\u00a0Climate Change Act<\/i>; however, projections suggest that a 100 percent\u00a0reduction in\u00a0emissions\u00a0by 2050\u00a0will be required\u00a0if Britain is to\u00a0meet its\u00a0obligations under the Paris Agreement. Given that\u00a0the\u00a0global\u00a0North\u00a0historically contributed\u00a0much\u00a0to the accumulation of carbon emissions\u00a0in the atmosphere today,\u00a0perhaps\u00a0these countries\u00a0should be doing more.\u00a0China is in good company with its \u201ctoo\u00a0little,\u00a0too\u00a0late\u201d climate strategy.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Nevertheless, while\u00a0the\u00a0global\u00a0North has\u00a0contributed to global\u00a0emissions for much longer,\u00a0China has been the largest carbon and greenhouse gas emitter for over a decade. Xi\u2019s\u00a0newly articulated\u00a0commitment to an ineffectual market-based mechanism that has been half-heartedly used by the\u00a0other industrialized countries\u00a0for decades\u00a0is\u00a0hardly evidence of leadership.\u00a0It seems that China is not an innovator\u00a0but\u00a0rather\u00a0a defender of the old guard.<\/p>\n

Photo: Shutterstock, by<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>kentoh<\/span>.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\n

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In the 1980s, Deng Xiaoping famously articulated the \u201c24-character strategy,\u201d\u00a0in which he suggested that China \u201ckeep a low profile\u201d\u00a0(tao\u00a0guang\u00a0yang hui, or\u00a0\u97ec\u5149\u517b\u6666) and\u00a0\u201cnever claim leadership.\u201d\u00a0This status quo strategy informed China\u2019s foreign policy for decades and became the cornerstone of\u00a0its\u00a0political thought\u00a0throughout\u00a0the\u00a020th\u00a0and\u00a0early\u00a021st centuries.\u00a0That is\u00a0why\u00a0President Xi\u00a0Jinping\u2019s impassioned defence of\u00a0globalization, free trade\u00a0and liberal economic institutions at the World Economic Forum […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":255052,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"content-type":"","ep_exclude_from_search":false,"apple_news_api_created_at":"2025-10-08T01:49:15Z","apple_news_api_id":"134d8341-0b97-4607-a919-152f6b0ea8d6","apple_news_api_modified_at":"2025-10-08T01:49:15Z","apple_news_api_revision":"AAAAAAAAAAD\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/w==","apple_news_api_share_url":"https:\/\/apple.news\/AE02DQQuXRgepGRUvaw6o1g","apple_news_cover_media_provider":"image","apple_news_coverimage":0,"apple_news_coverimage_caption":"","apple_news_cover_video_id":0,"apple_news_cover_video_url":"","apple_news_cover_embedwebvideo_url":"","apple_news_is_hidden":"","apple_news_is_paid":"","apple_news_is_preview":"","apple_news_is_sponsored":"","apple_news_maturity_rating":"","apple_news_metadata":"\"\"","apple_news_pullquote":"","apple_news_pullquote_position":"","apple_news_slug":"","apple_news_sections":[],"apple_news_suppress_video_url":false,"apple_news_use_image_component":false},"categories":[9361,9360,9372],"tags":[8408],"article-status":[],"irpp-category":[4217,4261],"section":[],"irpp-tag":[],"class_list":["post-265593","issues","type-issues","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-environnement","category-international","category-recent-stories-fr","tag-energy-policy-fr","irpp-category-affaires-internationales","irpp-category-environnement"],"acf":[],"apple_news_notices":[],"yoast_head":"\nAre 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